Diarrhea - one of the characteristic effects of vagotomy. Stool frequency, the suddenness of its appearance, relationship with food intake are the main criteria for the separation syndrome in three degrees of severity: mild, moderate, severe. There are different theories of diarrhea. For example, assume that the gastric stasis and achlorhydria lead to the development of bacterial flora and infection of food masses in the upper gastrointestinal tract; denervation of the abdominal cavity leads to disruption of the exocrine function of the liver, pancreas, alters locomotor activity of the gastrointestinal tract, all of these factors eventually be realized diarrhea. These pathological syndromes can be successfully eliminated by conservative measures, diet, gastric lavage, the use of ganglion blocking.
Inadequate reduction of acidogenic function of the stomach after vagotomy may result in the development of postoperative hypersecretion gastroduodenitis clinically characterized by pain in the epigastrium (often starving), heartburn. However, these manifestations are almost never close in intensity to the ulcer. When hypersecretory gastroduodenitis, as well as in most cases, ulcer recurrence after conservative surgery with vagotomy, it is possible to obtain the stable positive result using a set of modern antiulcer therapy.
All great clinical significance is duodenogastric reflux and reflux gastritis, developing, usually on a background of violations of the motor-evacuation function of stomach and duodenum.
Modern preoperative diagnosis of the latter, finding their causes and severity, the need for intraoperative corrections become especially important when performing conservative surgery. Dysphagia after operations with vagotomy often develops in the immediate postoperative period, usually mild and tends to regress. The frequency and severity of dumping syndrome, eating disorders after conservative surgery with vagotomy significantly lower than after resection.
Metabolic disorders often develop after extensive resection of the stomach, which essentially breaks the functional synergy of the digestive tract. In the pathogenesis of these disorders, apparently plays an important role not only remove much of the body, but also off the passage of food through the duodenum, if resection performed by the method of Billroth-2.
Metabolic disorders can be accompanied by the brand viagra above-mentioned disorders, as it were woven into their clinical picture, but sometimes they become self-importance.
The most striking manifestation of metabolic disorders in the clinic is underweight.
Fall in body weight below the "normal" or an inability to collect preoperative body mass is observed in approximately 1 / 4 operated. Among the many causes of these disturbances may be noted the decline in food intake, intolerance to certain foods, the violation of absorption of fat and protein absorption of vitamins and minerals. All this is quite pointedly, when operated patients suffering severe diarrhea, hypovitaminosis, pathology of the skeletal system.
Treatment of metabolic disorders is a complex task: it must be based on diet. In severe cases, inpatient treatment is shown.
Anemia after operations on the stomach, especially gastric resection, is usually, iron character. In the pathogenesis of this disorder is essential sharp decline in production of hydrochloric acid operated stomach and rapid passage of food masses in jejunum, impaired iron absorption and assimilation of vitamins. Megaloblastic anemia after gastrectomy is rare, and for obvious reasons, more often as a consequence of gastrectomy.
Treatment of anemia include blood transfusions, iron supplements, vitamins (C, group B), the appointment of hydrochloric acid and gastric juice.
topical ointment
choice for correction
stable remission
placebo
inhibitory effects
Wednesday, January 26, 2011
Thursday, January 20, 2011
Elastic compression
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) - a disease known since the time of Hippocrates. While this disease called "disease, knocks down" and had already tried to treat surgically. Today, with diseases of veins are fighting very different and even completely painless. How to help patients when they come for advice at the pharmacy? How to explain the features of the disease, which drug to recommend and how to prove its benefits? Tells about a pharmacist, Marina Petrova.
The relevance of the problems of diseases of veins brand viagra online can be judged by the extent of their prevalence. In many ways, this contributes to misunderstanding of the seriousness of the disease, often flippant attitude and hope that the "spider veins" - the first signs of illness - it is only cosmetic defects. Many patients lose months and years trying to understand that there are no miracles, illness, meanwhile, is progressing. It is no wonder that many visitors pharmacy treat the same issues - how to get rid of "spider veins" or relieve the symptoms of CVI.
In such cases pervostolniku important to clarify the external manifestations of the disease, which will help to recommend one or the other drug. If a patient is concerned about small vessels extended to the outer surface of the lower leg and thigh as a cosmetic defect that is not accompanied by pain in the legs, swelling, or weight, specific therapy is usually not indicated.
If the patient generic viagra complains of an expanded and modified twisted vein, suffering from pain, swelling in the legs, the feeling of heaviness, burning, fullness, it can be assumed that he had developed chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) of lower limbs. Development of the disease contributes to failure or weakness of the vascular wall, disruption of the valves located in the veins that return blood flow is manifested in the lowering of legs or a long stay in a standing or sitting.
We often face situations when buyers, despite the presence of symptoms, say they do not experience any physical symptoms of the disease: the legs are not swollen, there is no feeling of heaviness, pain. This means that the disease they can not be. Indeed, there are cases where symptoms are not pronounced. But this does not mean that it is lacking. After all, even a brand name levitra part of the leg muscles fatigue or a feeling of warmth, vanishing when picked up, as well as under the influence of elastic compression stockings, indicates problems with the veins of the legs. In the initial period of illness superficial veins are strained, but usually remain invisible. Disease progresses and they become dilated, twisted, bumpy. It is important to prevent this condition, because in that case the only possible treatment option is surgery.
If the disease is not too much running, we try to give visitors a pharmacy's general recommendations. We draw their attention to the fact that the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency should be comprehensive. In this case, is of great importance correctly selected conservative therapy, the main objectives of which are the symptoms of venous insufficiency, prevention of recurrence of venous disorders, the preservation of working capacity and quality of life.
Conservative therapy of CVI includes three main components: elastic compression, drug therapy, physiotherapy effects and therapeutic exercise.
Main indication for drug therapy is the presence of chronic venous insufficiency and its prevention in high-risk groups. The main groups of drugs are fleboprotektory - drugs affecting the tone of veins and protect its wall and valves from the damaging effects. Fleboprotektory differ from the spectrum of effects on different symptoms of CVI and clinical efficacy. At the recommendation of drugs indicated for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, can elaborate on flebotropnyh preparations. The more information a client receives, the fewer questions and objections he had there. But do not start communicating with the announcement of cost of medicines. Tell us what flebotropnye agents perform the basic tasks of therapy: increased tone of the venous wall, improve lymph flow, impact cialis without prescription on microcirculatory changes, adjust the hemorheological disorders and cropped inflammatory manifestations. Due to this there is relief of symptoms: pain, swelling and heaviness in the legs. And after the client will be able to appreciate the benefits of your offer, you can name the price. Naming a price, and avoid the rounded numbers that look rough.
Some patients questioned the appropriateness of drugs for the treatment of CVI. This is generic levitra especially characteristic of the elderly. The fact that most of the drugs that were originally used for treatment, required a long course of admission, provided only temporary improvement and not always well tolerated, and therefore does not deserve a better reputation. Modern flebotropnye preparations completely devoid of these shortcomings.
Of course, picking flebotropny drug for each individual buyer, it is important to take into account its individual characteristics. So first figure out how to manifest his illness, what lifestyle he leads, whether he had any comorbidities. Only with this information we can recommend a specific remedy. For example, in the presence of arterial insufficiency can not be applied therapeutic compression. Unmistakable is the choice in favor of the drug on the basis of natural herbal ingredients.
fasting glucose
adrenal Metastases
iodine deficiency
a peck of salt
The relevance of the problems of diseases of veins brand viagra online can be judged by the extent of their prevalence. In many ways, this contributes to misunderstanding of the seriousness of the disease, often flippant attitude and hope that the "spider veins" - the first signs of illness - it is only cosmetic defects. Many patients lose months and years trying to understand that there are no miracles, illness, meanwhile, is progressing. It is no wonder that many visitors pharmacy treat the same issues - how to get rid of "spider veins" or relieve the symptoms of CVI.
In such cases pervostolniku important to clarify the external manifestations of the disease, which will help to recommend one or the other drug. If a patient is concerned about small vessels extended to the outer surface of the lower leg and thigh as a cosmetic defect that is not accompanied by pain in the legs, swelling, or weight, specific therapy is usually not indicated.
If the patient generic viagra complains of an expanded and modified twisted vein, suffering from pain, swelling in the legs, the feeling of heaviness, burning, fullness, it can be assumed that he had developed chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) of lower limbs. Development of the disease contributes to failure or weakness of the vascular wall, disruption of the valves located in the veins that return blood flow is manifested in the lowering of legs or a long stay in a standing or sitting.
We often face situations when buyers, despite the presence of symptoms, say they do not experience any physical symptoms of the disease: the legs are not swollen, there is no feeling of heaviness, pain. This means that the disease they can not be. Indeed, there are cases where symptoms are not pronounced. But this does not mean that it is lacking. After all, even a brand name levitra part of the leg muscles fatigue or a feeling of warmth, vanishing when picked up, as well as under the influence of elastic compression stockings, indicates problems with the veins of the legs. In the initial period of illness superficial veins are strained, but usually remain invisible. Disease progresses and they become dilated, twisted, bumpy. It is important to prevent this condition, because in that case the only possible treatment option is surgery.
If the disease is not too much running, we try to give visitors a pharmacy's general recommendations. We draw their attention to the fact that the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency should be comprehensive. In this case, is of great importance correctly selected conservative therapy, the main objectives of which are the symptoms of venous insufficiency, prevention of recurrence of venous disorders, the preservation of working capacity and quality of life.
Conservative therapy of CVI includes three main components: elastic compression, drug therapy, physiotherapy effects and therapeutic exercise.
Main indication for drug therapy is the presence of chronic venous insufficiency and its prevention in high-risk groups. The main groups of drugs are fleboprotektory - drugs affecting the tone of veins and protect its wall and valves from the damaging effects. Fleboprotektory differ from the spectrum of effects on different symptoms of CVI and clinical efficacy. At the recommendation of drugs indicated for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, can elaborate on flebotropnyh preparations. The more information a client receives, the fewer questions and objections he had there. But do not start communicating with the announcement of cost of medicines. Tell us what flebotropnye agents perform the basic tasks of therapy: increased tone of the venous wall, improve lymph flow, impact cialis without prescription on microcirculatory changes, adjust the hemorheological disorders and cropped inflammatory manifestations. Due to this there is relief of symptoms: pain, swelling and heaviness in the legs. And after the client will be able to appreciate the benefits of your offer, you can name the price. Naming a price, and avoid the rounded numbers that look rough.
Some patients questioned the appropriateness of drugs for the treatment of CVI. This is generic levitra especially characteristic of the elderly. The fact that most of the drugs that were originally used for treatment, required a long course of admission, provided only temporary improvement and not always well tolerated, and therefore does not deserve a better reputation. Modern flebotropnye preparations completely devoid of these shortcomings.
Of course, picking flebotropny drug for each individual buyer, it is important to take into account its individual characteristics. So first figure out how to manifest his illness, what lifestyle he leads, whether he had any comorbidities. Only with this information we can recommend a specific remedy. For example, in the presence of arterial insufficiency can not be applied therapeutic compression. Unmistakable is the choice in favor of the drug on the basis of natural herbal ingredients.
fasting glucose
adrenal Metastases
iodine deficiency
a peck of salt
Sunday, January 9, 2011
Arsenal
In acute thrombosed hemorrhoids are widely used topical agent, whose composition in addition to the components listed above, included heparin (Gepatrombin F Nigepan). Included in the Gepatrombina T heparin and allantoin cause thrombolytic effect, and panthenol promotes epithelization of damaged tissues. Joint application anestezina and heparin in suppositories Nigepan causes analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic effects antispasticheskoe. Preparations containing heparin, of course, are the means of choice for acute thrombosis of hemorrhoids, but no less effective in any form or hemorrhoids, and in the postoperative period, providing a powerful and physiological anti-inflammatory, anti-and kapillyaroprotektivnoe action. In appointing mestnodeystvuyuschih geparinsoderzhaschih preparations complete resorption of thrombotic masses should be expected no earlier than 48 weeks of regular use.
A special place in the arsenal of tools for the conservative treatment of hemorrhoids brand viagra take drugs used to reduce straining and facilitate defecation. For this purpose, appropriate laxative emollient and osmotic action: drugs psiliuma, lactulose and macrogol. Means of reducing the tone of the internal sphincter of the rectum, mainly used in the early postoperative period, although their use is fully justified and in the provision of urgent assistance with complicated forms of hemorrhoids. For this purpose, use of ointments and creams containing nitroglycerine, isosorbide dinitrate, nifedipine, as well as candles, comprising an extract of belladonna [11-14].
With planned conservative treatment of hemorrhoids is now widely used kapillyarostabiliziruschie (rutin) and venotonic means (bioflavonoids diosmin, estsin). During the course assignment, these drugs may be used or given by mouth [4].
Surgical hemorrhoidectomy and minimally invasive tool treatments
The effectiveness of conservative treatment of hemorrhoids as an independent method of treatment is generally not highly valued, as the disease continues to progress and degenerative changes of hemorrhoids and anorectal zone with time is also growing [3,5]. However, the experts unanimously believe, an active conservative therapy, a necessary stage in preparation for the radical cure of the disease and at the same time a means of reducing the number of emergency hemorrhoidectomy, 25% of cases involving the early postoperative complications [6,7]. Moreover, according to a retrospective European study, conducted in 2000, about 10% of patients after emergency resection of nodes in need of re-operation, and an equal number of cases in the late period developed stenosis of the anal canal [7]. Nevertheless, the indications for emergency operative hemorrhoidectomy continue to believe acute thrombosed, or strangulated ulcerated NG, as well as massive hemorrhoidal bleeding in portal hypertension.
Elective surgical hemorrhoidectomy is shown 10-30% of all patients suffering from hemorrhoids IIIIV severity [5,8]. Hemorrhoids I, - II severity, as well as a substantial proportion of patients with III degree, complete cure can be achieved by using a minimally invasive tool allowances, which are also held outside the exacerbation of the disease [3]. Common and least expensive method of minimally invasive care is ligation haemorrhoid rubber ligature. Method is used to treat large internal and external hemorrhoids, and it is to capture and drag a node rubber loop diameter of 6 mm in area, is insensitive to the pain of the mucous membrane, which leads to necrosis and subsequent rejection. Every 14 days, ligated at viagra erection enhances one site, for 3-6 procedures. Ligation can be complicated by perineal sepsis. Sclerotherapy is also indicated for patients with hemorrhoids I and II severity, but little is used less frequently in connection with a high risk of serious complications developing in dystopia sclerosing agent (impotence, neurogenic bladder, liver abscesses) [9,10]. Among the safest and most effective today include infrared light, radiovysokochastotnuyu and laser coagulation of hemorrhoids. The procedures are outpatient, with exposure to one haemorrhoidal node during a single visit to a specialist. Coagulation is not accompanied by systemic complications, however, in 10-20% of cases the effectiveness of treatment is substantially lower than expected [1,3].
Course of the disease and its prevention
In most cases, hemorrhoids develops relatively benign with periodic "unmotivated" exacerbations, leading to a brief loss of earning capacity. Often the disease is primarily chronically without causing clinically significant pathological symptoms. However, the steady increase in proportion to the frequency of exacerbations of symptoms and over time leads to a widespread desire among doctors for a radical cure of hemorrhoids with the first treatment a patient for medical attention. On the other hand, among patients with widespread reluctance to undergo surgery on the matter. The situation is illustrated by reports of epidemiological studies performed annually in the U.S., which showed progressive reduction in the number of radical surgical operations for hemorrhoids. Since the number of surgical hemorrhoidectomy in the United States declined from 165,000 in 1982 to 30,000 in 1994 [5]. Apparently, there are several reasons for such a dramatic decrease in the number of surgical hemorrhoidectomy. And it is not the most consequential of these reluctant patients undergo expensive operation, move the painful post-operative period and the associated long-term disablement [17]. By reducing the need for radical surgery in recent decades has significantly improved the quality of conservative and minimally invasive therapy to be undertaken in the early stages of the disease and the consequent reduction in the number of emergency surgeries. Trends towards non-invasive treatment helps a lot the development and implementation in practice of family medicine and prehospital thesis of "the best strategy for treatment of hemorrhoids its prevention" [1.15]. One of the most important places in the system Prevention is the correction of constipation diet enriched with fiber, use enough water and food osmotically active substances, such as juices, increasing physical activity of patients. Prevention of hemorrhoids also involves ensuring the normal activity of the internal sphincter of the rectum, coordinated with the propulsive function of the colon, which is achieved by correction of emotional disorders, smoking cessation and substance use [16].
Ureaplasma
insidious iron
Cerebral cortex
A special place in the arsenal of tools for the conservative treatment of hemorrhoids brand viagra take drugs used to reduce straining and facilitate defecation. For this purpose, appropriate laxative emollient and osmotic action: drugs psiliuma, lactulose and macrogol. Means of reducing the tone of the internal sphincter of the rectum, mainly used in the early postoperative period, although their use is fully justified and in the provision of urgent assistance with complicated forms of hemorrhoids. For this purpose, use of ointments and creams containing nitroglycerine, isosorbide dinitrate, nifedipine, as well as candles, comprising an extract of belladonna [11-14].
With planned conservative treatment of hemorrhoids is now widely used kapillyarostabiliziruschie (rutin) and venotonic means (bioflavonoids diosmin, estsin). During the course assignment, these drugs may be used or given by mouth [4].
Surgical hemorrhoidectomy and minimally invasive tool treatments
The effectiveness of conservative treatment of hemorrhoids as an independent method of treatment is generally not highly valued, as the disease continues to progress and degenerative changes of hemorrhoids and anorectal zone with time is also growing [3,5]. However, the experts unanimously believe, an active conservative therapy, a necessary stage in preparation for the radical cure of the disease and at the same time a means of reducing the number of emergency hemorrhoidectomy, 25% of cases involving the early postoperative complications [6,7]. Moreover, according to a retrospective European study, conducted in 2000, about 10% of patients after emergency resection of nodes in need of re-operation, and an equal number of cases in the late period developed stenosis of the anal canal [7]. Nevertheless, the indications for emergency operative hemorrhoidectomy continue to believe acute thrombosed, or strangulated ulcerated NG, as well as massive hemorrhoidal bleeding in portal hypertension.
Elective surgical hemorrhoidectomy is shown 10-30% of all patients suffering from hemorrhoids IIIIV severity [5,8]. Hemorrhoids I, - II severity, as well as a substantial proportion of patients with III degree, complete cure can be achieved by using a minimally invasive tool allowances, which are also held outside the exacerbation of the disease [3]. Common and least expensive method of minimally invasive care is ligation haemorrhoid rubber ligature. Method is used to treat large internal and external hemorrhoids, and it is to capture and drag a node rubber loop diameter of 6 mm in area, is insensitive to the pain of the mucous membrane, which leads to necrosis and subsequent rejection. Every 14 days, ligated at viagra erection enhances one site, for 3-6 procedures. Ligation can be complicated by perineal sepsis. Sclerotherapy is also indicated for patients with hemorrhoids I and II severity, but little is used less frequently in connection with a high risk of serious complications developing in dystopia sclerosing agent (impotence, neurogenic bladder, liver abscesses) [9,10]. Among the safest and most effective today include infrared light, radiovysokochastotnuyu and laser coagulation of hemorrhoids. The procedures are outpatient, with exposure to one haemorrhoidal node during a single visit to a specialist. Coagulation is not accompanied by systemic complications, however, in 10-20% of cases the effectiveness of treatment is substantially lower than expected [1,3].
Course of the disease and its prevention
In most cases, hemorrhoids develops relatively benign with periodic "unmotivated" exacerbations, leading to a brief loss of earning capacity. Often the disease is primarily chronically without causing clinically significant pathological symptoms. However, the steady increase in proportion to the frequency of exacerbations of symptoms and over time leads to a widespread desire among doctors for a radical cure of hemorrhoids with the first treatment a patient for medical attention. On the other hand, among patients with widespread reluctance to undergo surgery on the matter. The situation is illustrated by reports of epidemiological studies performed annually in the U.S., which showed progressive reduction in the number of radical surgical operations for hemorrhoids. Since the number of surgical hemorrhoidectomy in the United States declined from 165,000 in 1982 to 30,000 in 1994 [5]. Apparently, there are several reasons for such a dramatic decrease in the number of surgical hemorrhoidectomy. And it is not the most consequential of these reluctant patients undergo expensive operation, move the painful post-operative period and the associated long-term disablement [17]. By reducing the need for radical surgery in recent decades has significantly improved the quality of conservative and minimally invasive therapy to be undertaken in the early stages of the disease and the consequent reduction in the number of emergency surgeries. Trends towards non-invasive treatment helps a lot the development and implementation in practice of family medicine and prehospital thesis of "the best strategy for treatment of hemorrhoids its prevention" [1.15]. One of the most important places in the system Prevention is the correction of constipation diet enriched with fiber, use enough water and food osmotically active substances, such as juices, increasing physical activity of patients. Prevention of hemorrhoids also involves ensuring the normal activity of the internal sphincter of the rectum, coordinated with the propulsive function of the colon, which is achieved by correction of emotional disorders, smoking cessation and substance use [16].
Ureaplasma
insidious iron
Cerebral cortex
Sunday, January 2, 2011
Desirable properties
To understand why, and why humanity create their own kind, you need to understand - what exactly is cloning in general.
Cloning - all methods of directed breeding of organisms and their genetic material without fertilization - by breeding a single cell.
Studies clearly marching to the cloning of vertebrate animals of them from brand name viagra individual cells, have begun to amphibians in the early years of the twentieth century. The great German embryologist Hans Shpeman *, dividing the hair loop at the earliest - two-celled - newt embryo into two cells, has received one of two entire viable embryos - to twins.
In the 1950's., With the development of microsurgery, British scientists embryologists R. Briggs and T. King, conducted experiments on the frog genus Rana. They transplanted the nucleus of cells in more advanced stages of development (eg, the nucleus of cells of tadpoles) in fertilized eggs - eggs are killed or removed from the nucleus and demonstrated that the later stage of development of the organism - the donor cells, the more difficult to obtain from them the normal fetuses.
Biological clock could turn back the clock. "In the future, human life can be extended up to two hundred years" - the declaration made by the experts of the University of Massachusetts in the U.S.. It sounds fantastic. This is recognized and the scientists themselves. However, the new cloning technique that was developed at the Massachusetts biologists, will significantly extend the human life.
The experiment started in the 1999th year, and the first results exceeded all expectations. Cloned using the new method gobies grew old much more slowly than their naturally born counterparts.
The essence of the new method is as follows. Scientists first decided to experiment with old cells: taking them from a six-calf, in the laboratory have waited almost a full complete life cycle of cells. Then these cells were transplanted a cow.
Scientists from the U.S. believe that cloning-help treat senile diseases in humans, that at first glance seems very noble goal. But it is only at first glance.
Back in the early 1970's caused a sensation "the development of human embryos in vitro" - "experience" - a hoax of some Italian named Petrucci. Then, once all these passions subsided.
* Hans Shpeman (1869 - 1941) - German embryologist, one of the founders of experimental embryology, Nobel laureate (1935).
In recent years, the Assembly and committees: WHO, UNESCO, Council of Europe, the U.S. Congress, 52 th union of scientists - the experimenters, religious denominations were suspended ban and a moratorium on experiments on cloning humans, and in general to all experiments on genomic changes in the germ cells * Rights - eggs and sperm.
Blood transfusions, transplants, artificial limbs - are everyday practice. Still sounds tempting - to grow "spare parts" of a sick person's own cells and thereby minimize the rejection of transplanted (transplanted), he tissues Caution against nitrates and organs. However, while these opportunities are used by transplanting organs is not grown in "test tube", a sober assessment of the situation people still have to hope for.
In August of 2001, the U.S. held a seminar on human cloning, organized by the National Academy of Sciences. Scientists - doctors, contrary to the U.S. Congress has already adopted a ban on research in this area, still sought (by the way, and still seek) law in the near future to clone homo sapiens.
Man can not stop there, and the example is the establishment of the 1997th year of the first in history of artificial mammal - Dolly the sheep. People seek to "divide and rule" by creating their own kind.
Back in the late 19 th century, Friedrich Nietzsche, first raised the problem of "chelovekobozhiya in anti-Christian sense. The mouth of Zarathustra, he proposed his own version of its solution in the doctrine of "superman". Almost simultaneously, Fyodor Dostoyevsky formulated the idea of God-man.
And from that time dilemma "divine-human nature - chelovekobozhie became the leading theme for reflection at the Russian philosophers.
In the late 20 th century "chelovekobozhie" - a peculiar desire to reach the level of "creation", ie the creation of living organisms with desirable properties for humans and options. In addition to the man created by God, modern culture is completely accepts the addition - of cloned creatures, that is created by man in his own way, the human, "image" and its own way, the human, "likeness". To supporters of human cloning, for example, refers SE Motkov that in 1991 the year of figured it was time to use the achievements of genetics to public policy. Genetic load, which is no exaggeration to lead to biological degradation of the population has reached a critical point now.
What will happen if cloning in all its forms will be available to humanity? The answer is definitely simple. Some people - want to recreate the dead cat or dog, others - Adolf Hitler, Bethovina, Marilyn Monroe. Why would "revolutionize" the people long dead, or are currently living on Earth - that totally logical.
Bile duct
Mid-market
Cloning - all methods of directed breeding of organisms and their genetic material without fertilization - by breeding a single cell.
Studies clearly marching to the cloning of vertebrate animals of them from brand name viagra individual cells, have begun to amphibians in the early years of the twentieth century. The great German embryologist Hans Shpeman *, dividing the hair loop at the earliest - two-celled - newt embryo into two cells, has received one of two entire viable embryos - to twins.
In the 1950's., With the development of microsurgery, British scientists embryologists R. Briggs and T. King, conducted experiments on the frog genus Rana. They transplanted the nucleus of cells in more advanced stages of development (eg, the nucleus of cells of tadpoles) in fertilized eggs - eggs are killed or removed from the nucleus and demonstrated that the later stage of development of the organism - the donor cells, the more difficult to obtain from them the normal fetuses.
Biological clock could turn back the clock. "In the future, human life can be extended up to two hundred years" - the declaration made by the experts of the University of Massachusetts in the U.S.. It sounds fantastic. This is recognized and the scientists themselves. However, the new cloning technique that was developed at the Massachusetts biologists, will significantly extend the human life.
The experiment started in the 1999th year, and the first results exceeded all expectations. Cloned using the new method gobies grew old much more slowly than their naturally born counterparts.
The essence of the new method is as follows. Scientists first decided to experiment with old cells: taking them from a six-calf, in the laboratory have waited almost a full complete life cycle of cells. Then these cells were transplanted a cow.
Scientists from the U.S. believe that cloning-help treat senile diseases in humans, that at first glance seems very noble goal. But it is only at first glance.
Back in the early 1970's caused a sensation "the development of human embryos in vitro" - "experience" - a hoax of some Italian named Petrucci. Then, once all these passions subsided.
* Hans Shpeman (1869 - 1941) - German embryologist, one of the founders of experimental embryology, Nobel laureate (1935).
In recent years, the Assembly and committees: WHO, UNESCO, Council of Europe, the U.S. Congress, 52 th union of scientists - the experimenters, religious denominations were suspended ban and a moratorium on experiments on cloning humans, and in general to all experiments on genomic changes in the germ cells * Rights - eggs and sperm.
Blood transfusions, transplants, artificial limbs - are everyday practice. Still sounds tempting - to grow "spare parts" of a sick person's own cells and thereby minimize the rejection of transplanted (transplanted), he tissues Caution against nitrates and organs. However, while these opportunities are used by transplanting organs is not grown in "test tube", a sober assessment of the situation people still have to hope for.
In August of 2001, the U.S. held a seminar on human cloning, organized by the National Academy of Sciences. Scientists - doctors, contrary to the U.S. Congress has already adopted a ban on research in this area, still sought (by the way, and still seek) law in the near future to clone homo sapiens.
Man can not stop there, and the example is the establishment of the 1997th year of the first in history of artificial mammal - Dolly the sheep. People seek to "divide and rule" by creating their own kind.
Back in the late 19 th century, Friedrich Nietzsche, first raised the problem of "chelovekobozhiya in anti-Christian sense. The mouth of Zarathustra, he proposed his own version of its solution in the doctrine of "superman". Almost simultaneously, Fyodor Dostoyevsky formulated the idea of God-man.
And from that time dilemma "divine-human nature - chelovekobozhie became the leading theme for reflection at the Russian philosophers.
In the late 20 th century "chelovekobozhie" - a peculiar desire to reach the level of "creation", ie the creation of living organisms with desirable properties for humans and options. In addition to the man created by God, modern culture is completely accepts the addition - of cloned creatures, that is created by man in his own way, the human, "image" and its own way, the human, "likeness". To supporters of human cloning, for example, refers SE Motkov that in 1991 the year of figured it was time to use the achievements of genetics to public policy. Genetic load, which is no exaggeration to lead to biological degradation of the population has reached a critical point now.
What will happen if cloning in all its forms will be available to humanity? The answer is definitely simple. Some people - want to recreate the dead cat or dog, others - Adolf Hitler, Bethovina, Marilyn Monroe. Why would "revolutionize" the people long dead, or are currently living on Earth - that totally logical.
Bile duct
Mid-market
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